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In these areas of southern Venezuela we look at the consequences of erosion, driven to the very high rainfall that characterizes the region and together with other natural agents, helps shape the landscape. Precipitation per year has averaged 3.250 mm, giving the case in some places where the average is 4,000 mm, as in the river mouth or arm Ocamo Casiquiare. This should not properly speak of dry season because only north of the state is where we will see 3 months with low rainfall of 70 mm average.

The most important rivers in the basins covered are: Orinoco, or Ventuari Ventuari, Sipapo Guanía-Black River and the special case, the arm Casiquiare.

The Orinoco river father (Uriaparí, Baragua, Baragua Ibinoco), is the collector of almost all the rivers of Venezuela and through him directly carry their waters to the Atlantic, especially in Amazonas State, while another portion of tributaries here are Guanía-Black River to carry their waters and the giant Amazon. These two basins are well defined, but by the Casiquiare our giant Orinoco also pays tribute to its waters. The Casiquiare is in turn in its course several large navigable rivers: Pamoni, Passive, Siapa, Pasimoni.

In the far SE is the source of the Orinoco, on the hill Delgado Chalbaud to 1,047 mt. altitude. Sierra Parima borders with Brazil, 2 ° 19 '05.7''North latitude and 63 º 21' 42.6''west longitude, according to Gral.F. Risquez Iribarren, who discovered the front 27-11-51 Franco Venezuelan Expedition, recalling that after it was discovered a second source to 16 km. farther north, according to official information of the Boundary Commission Venezuela-Brazil. We of Shaili.ko, Dr. Paul J. Anduze, page 410:

"One of the Venezuelan Commission members Mr. Jorge Panchenko, accompanied by five men, was the one who raised the two waterways that make up the Orinoco River. He found that corresponding to the source stream flows north from its inception and throughout its course on a bed of gravel and a small beaches. Its waters are crystal clear and contain no suspended matter, or coloring, as in other waterways in the region. The altitude of the source is of 1,144 mt. 0 '. "

"The source of the Orinoco River South, already explored in 1951, looks very different from the north. In effect she runs in the first kilometers in fetid emanations throat and muddy with the bed is poorly defined. Suddenly, after a journey of just two kilometers, the appearance changes to make the features of the North and is only source at the junction where it is to find vegetation and muddy training ground. "

The course divides the state of the Orinoco and Amazon to Venezuela by a diagonal axis from SE to NE and monstrous birth to flow into the Atlantic through a large delta, which gives its name to Delta Amacuro. It forms a large arch so pronounced that its sources are still close to the same meridian of Ciudad Bolivar. Get to the Atlantic after their course cover a distance of 2,800 km. Get more than 2,000 streams and this volume is being considered as the fifth most mighty of the world. The average flow volume or year in the Boca Grande is 35,000 cubic meters per second and in the rainy season are estimated 100,000 cubic meters per second, compared to Barrancas. For the length of the course is ranked as the ninth planet.

The Orinoco basin covers almost the entire country's water system calculated its area 850,000 km2, roughly the size of the country almost.

The Orinoco basin covers almost the entire river system in the country, calculated the surface 850,000 km2. Approximately, slightly smaller than Venezuela. It looks like a giant arm that wraps across the South or the Guiana Shield region, excluding the sub. Apure River basin. According to calculations estimated that the Orinoco near its mouth and before the split into the arms of the Delta, poured annually into the Atlantic Ocean 400 million metric tons of valuable alluvial, rich in various minerals. On this aspect could be very interesting studies.

During the rainy season in the months June and July, the Orinoco beyond their edges, flooding thousands of km2, forming huge dams and lagoons. In this rainy season are hardly dry parts without power when sailing camping by rivers. In contrast, in the dry season, the landscape changes completely: reappear ravines and beaches, islands widen, emerge some dry rocks and reeds, roads become. Some disappear fast rapids and water flow being cut by rocks, but instead others increase speed when between these boulders and rocks very hilly, water slides irresistible. It is true that the navigation of large vessels is difficult, but the landscapes are more beautiful because of the immense clean sandy beaches and rocks with unusual and suggestive forms that emerge across the River. And the talk here of our Orinoco, we can say the same of the great rivers. The landscapes and things change completely from winter to summer, and also change slightly the activities of the inhabitants, according to the facilities and opportunities given the nature for their survival. During the summer fishing abounds and facilitates hunting is practiced as a means of subsistence, survival, and also facilitates the exploitation of certain forest products.

This river should be divided in Alto Orinoco better from birth until the bifurcation of Casiquiare, middle Orinoco from this bifurcation to the Atures and lower Orinoco from the Atures to its mouth by the great Delta.

Within the state, this great river receives most of its tributaries on the right bank, some of which are true sub watersheds. On this side we have the most important Potomao, Manaviche, Ocamo, Padamo, Iguape, Cunucunuma, Guaname, Puruname, Yagua Ventuari, IBOA, Sipapo Cataniapo, Parhueña.

As for the left bank tributaries scored: Uguet, Mouth, Mavaca, Ydije, Cabirima, Atabapo addition of Colombian rivers Guaviare, Zama, Matabeni, Vichada, Volume, Tuparro, Plateau.

To complete the list of major rivers of this entity, we have the Black River Guainia-North-South direction, which receives Venezuelan margin streams and rivers Pimichin, San Miguel, Tiriquín, handsome, Columbus, almost all navigable. But as a special case should be treated Casiquiare the channel or arm, which releases the Orinoco empties into the Guainia, which will start from here called Black River. Its main tributaries fall on its left bank: Caripe Pamoni, Pasiba and larger, the Siapa and Pasimoni almost all navigable.

Among the major tributaries of the Orinoco is the Padamo, which originated in the high southern flank of Mount Marahuaca in its 135 km. of course, receives the rivers Continamo, Uotamo, and other minor Metacuni; this sub basin covers some 10,000 km2. But Ventuari, whose source is in the Sierra Parima bordering Brazil, is the largest tributary in the Amazon, with a sub basin of 50,000 km2. and receives several navigable rivers. It was divided into Upper Ventuari from its headwaters to the leap of Tencua of 25 mt. fall and from there to its mouth at the misnamed Delta in Lower Ventuari Ventuari. Its course is estimated at 550 km., With half the waterway, its most important tributary is the Manapiare, which in its 150 km. of course, it irrigates the large area of the Valleys of Manapiare with almost 7,000 km2. This in turn has the Parucito main tributary, the Atababo Apure, a stream in winter, in addition, several channels. Other important tributaries in the Upper Ventuari scored: Féuete, Antabare, Uajuña, Madadejara, Pato, Uesete, Yatito, Uiue, Ax, in Lower Ventuari: Caño Black, Asita, Camani, Marieta, Paru, Taui-Taui, Marueta, Yureba , Iamara, Yakiguapo, Guapuchí, almost all navigable.

Atabapo-Temi River runs south-north frank, forming the border with Colombia. Start with the name of Atabapo from the triple junction (crosswise) Santa Cruz with Guasacavi Atacavi and the (Colombian), and Temi, Atabapo true origin, all with dark brown water, flows in the Guaviare Orinoco twinned with the waters of earthy. Going up the Atabapo-Temi Yavita to port, and then proceeds overland to Maroa, you can then go down the Black River Guainia-to Brazil, this being the shortest way along the southern border.

According to calculations, the watershed between tributaries of the rivers and Guainia Temi has a level difference that is less than 10 mt. by what has been said of the proposed artificial channel that links the waters of these two basins, or a narrow-gauge railway line about 15 km. to give way rapidly to traffic between Samariapo vessels and Guainia, without having to go through the upper Orinoco and Casiquiare, saving several days of travel by this route short.

Among the major tributaries of the barrel is Atabapo Hemp, in such detail as the headwaters of this creek is ¬ so relatively near the Orinoco, but instead of going toward its giant neighbor, its waters flow westward to find the river Atabapo; near the headwaters of the creek Canam is yes Cá ¬ rida flows into the Orinoco. During the rainy season stronger, form huge lakes and dams connecting the headwaters of two creeks, and in this way with small canoes to navigate and good practice, from the Orinoco to Atabapo, passing on what they are in large sheets summer.

Another tributary, the Sipapo with 270 km. of course, form a sub. basin of about 13,000 km2. That collects water from the highlands of Sipapo. Born south of the mountains to the west, straighten its course to the north, running parallel to the Orinoco to its mouth on it, opposite the island of mouse. But before we get the Cuao of pure green waters with capricious course, the Guava and Autana of dark water, all with beautiful and abundant waterfalls and wonderful natural monuments, this relatively near Puerto Ayacucho. Without cheap energy have not yet exploited, Cataniapo River.

A few kilometers from the capital of the mouth of the river rushing Cataniapo the Orinoco, with the characteristic green color of its waters, which have already been studied by Humboldt, its purity makes that supplies drinking water to the capital. During the year 1981, projected the construction of the large hydroelectric dam Cataniapo River, vital for the region and neighboring areas. Just 45 km. Puerto Ayacucho, the dam would have a height of 35 mt. with a reservoir of 655 million mt,. Cubic. You can reach in the winter have a length of 20 kilometers and covering an area of 650 km ². As for the mechanical equipment is designed for 4 wind turbines with a capacity of 10,000 kw. The water carried by pipeline to Puerto Ayacucho come by gravity.

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